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Aqil Agha al-Hasi (given name also spelled ''Aqil'', ''Aqila'', ''Akil'' or ''Akili''; surname sometimes spelled ''Aga'') (died 1870) was the semi-autonomous local ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-19th century, during Ottoman rule. Originally a commander of Arab irregulars, known as the Hawwara tribe, in the service of the Ottoman governors of Acre, his influence in the Galilee grew as he strengthened his alliances with the powerful Beni Sakhr and Anizzah tribes of Transjordan, and recruited unemployed Bedouin irregulars from Egypt into his own band of irregulars, who thenceforth became known as the Hanadi tribe. He was known by his men and Western travelers to be courageous, cunning and charismatic, all qualities that contributed to his rise as the ''de facto'' ruler of Galilee.〔Van Der Steen, "(Case Study 1: Akila Agha )".〕 Throughout his rule, Aqil remained at least nominally in service to the Ottoman Empire, which paid him for protecting the roads of northern Palestine from Bedouin raids and for maintaining the security of this region. He also exacted his own tolls on the local population in return for ensuring their security. His friendly ties with the European governments was partially due to his protection of the local Christian and Jewish communities in Galilee, including his protection of Nazareth from the 1860 massacres that occurred in Ottoman Syria. Aqil's relationship with the authorities were generally tense and he rebelled directly or indirectly against their local representatives. As a consequence of this frayed relationship, Aqil's employment would frequently be terminated when his activities or influence perturbed the authorities and then reinstated when his services were needed. By the time of his death, his influence had declined significantly. He was buried in his Galilee stronghold of I'billin. While Palestine had been under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the early 16th century, direct imperial administrative rule was challenged by a series of tribal leaders who exhibited vast influence over local affairs between the 17th and 19th centuries. With the Ottoman Empire embroiled in the Crimean War, the power vacuum created in the area in the wake of Zahir al-Umar's rule in the Galilee (1730–1775), Jezzar Pasha's rule (1776–1804), and Muhammad Ali's rule (1831–1840), was filled by Aqil.〔Schölch, 1984, pp. 459–462.〕 His demise marked the last local obstacle to Ottoman centralization in Palestine. ==Early life and family== Besides anecdotes provided in the writings of European consuls, most of the information on Aqil's life indirectly traces back to a history of the man written by Mikha'il Qa'war, a Nazareth clergyman.〔 Aqil was born into a Bedouin family,〔Schölch, 1993, p. 199.〕 known later as the Hanadi tribe. The actual Hanadi were an unrelated tribe that came to Palestine from Egypt during Egyptian rule in Palestine (1831–1840) and around 1840 joined Aqil's Hawwara tribesmen, who also had migrated from Egypt.〔 The name "Hanadi" translates in Arabic as "Indians" and the Hanadi irregulars were called as such by the inhabitants of Palestine because of their dark skin.〔Finn, 1878, (p. 414 ).〕 Aqil's Hawwara tribesmen in Galilee were not related to the well-known Hawwara tribe of Upper Egypt, who were noted for their "bravery, horsemanship, and equipments", according to the Palestine Exploration Fund.〔Macalister and Masterman, 1906, p. (222 )〕 The Hawwara of Galilee were actually from the Ainawiyeh tribe of the Lower Egyptian desert region who had entered the service of Jezzar Pasha while the latter was based in Egypt in the late 18th century. They came with Jezzar to northern Palestine when Jezzar became the powerful Ottoman governor of Acre after the death of the autonomous Arab ruler of Galilee, Zahir al-Umar in 1776. Jezzar named the Ainawiyeh tribesmen "Hawwara" as an honor to associate them with the actual Hawwara of Upper Egypt.〔 Aqil's father, Musa Agha al-Hasi, himself a commander of Hawwara irregulars in the service of Acre's Ottoman governors, had left Egypt for Gaza in 1814.〔Schölch, 1984, p. 462.〕〔 He was not directly related to the Ainawiyeh or Hawwara tribes, but claimed descent from the Hawwara as a matter of convenience and prestige.〔 Musa originally hailed from the al-Bara'asa tribe of Cyrenaica (modern-day eastern Libya).〔Abujaber, 1989, p. (35 ).〕 Likewise, James Finn claims Aqil's family was of Algerian or North African origin.〔 Musa Agha resided in the Galilee around 1820 and married a Turkmen woman. Aqil was born to the couple in the Nazareth area.〔 According to Adel Manna, Aqil was born in Gaza.〔Mattar, 2005, p. (347 ).〕 Musa had two other sons, Ali and Salih.〔Macalister and Masterman, 1906, pp. (222 )-223.〕 Musa died in Gaza in 1830.〔〔 Aqil's power base consisted of his tribesmen and alliances with other Bedouin tribes, who inhabited both sides of the Jordan River. Aqil's brother, Salih Agha, held substantial influence in the Haifa-region. Mary Rogers, the sister of the English vice-council, described graphically a banquet in Shefa-'Amr and a gazelle hunt at the invitation of Salih Agha,〔Rogers, 1865, (p.196 ) ff.〕〔Schölch, 1993, p. 201, note 576〕 while another traveler witnessed the lavish wedding between a son of Salih Agha and a daughter of Agil Agha on "the plains of I'billin", in about 1857.〔Farley, 1858, (p.317 ) ff.〕 Aqil also married off a daughter to a Bedouin ''sheikh'' (chief) in Gaza, paying the highest dowry registered at the time in Gaza: 11,000 PT,〔Schölch, 1993, p. 206.〕 while the governor of Hebron was reported to be a brother-in-law of Aqil.〔Saulcy, de 1872, Vol. 1, (p.159 )〕〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Aqil Agha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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